INTRODUCTION:

A Blood Donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation (separation of whole blood components). Donation may be of whole blood or of specific components directly (the latter called apheresis). Blood banks often participate in the collections process as well as the procedure that follow it.

Today in the developed world, most blood donors are unpaid volunteers who donate blood for a community supply. In poorer countries, established supplies are limited and donors usually give blood when family or friends need a transfusion. Many donors donate as an act of charity, but in countries that allow paid, and in some cases there are incentives other than money such as paid time off from work. Donors can also have blood drawn for their own future use (autologous donation). Donating is relatively where the needle is inserted or may feel faint.

Potential donors are evaluated for anything that might make their blood unsafe to use. The screening includes testing for diseases that can be transmitted by a blood transfusion, including HIV and viral hepatitis. The donor must also answer questions about medical historyand take a short physical examination to make sure the donation is not hazardous to his or her health. How often a donor can donate varies from days to months based on what component they donate and the laws of the country where the donation takes place. For e.g. In U.S, donors must wait eight weeks (56 days) between whole Blood Donations but only seven days between plateletpheresis donations and twice per seven-day period in plasmapheresis.

The amount of blood drawn and the methods vary. The collection can be done manually or with automated equipment that takes only specific components of the blood. Most of components of blood used for transfusions have short shelf life, and maintaining a constant supply is a persistent problem. This has led to some increased interest in auto transfusion, whereby a patient’s blood is salvaged during surgery for continuous reinfusion or alternatively, is “self-donated” prior to when it will be needed.

WHO facts:

Around 180 million units of donated blood are collected globally every year. Nearly 50% of blood is collected in high income country, whom to less than 20% of world population.

Only 43 of 175 reporting countries produce plasma derived medicinal products (PDMP) through fractionation of plasma collected in country, where as majority of others 132 countries import Plasma Derived Medicinal Products (PDMP) from abroad.

According to WHO (2012) report;

Only 9 million units are collected annually units, Delhi alone faces shortage of 1lakh units per year. Statistics shows that 234 million major operations in India, 63 million trauma incident surgeries, 31 million cancer or related procedures and 10 million pregnancies related while the need is for 12 million which require blood transfusion.

The issue of blood shortage is due to lack of voluntary donors, particularly in states such as West Bengal, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Gujarat and Jammu.

Mishra SK, et al (2016) has conducted the study to assess the knowledge and attitude of college going students toward Blood Donation and to bring out and compare the reasons for donating or not donating blood. The findings of this study conclude that the national targets of voluntary Blood Donation could be better met with specific blood donor information, education, motivation and recruitment strategies focusing on the myths and misconceptions prevalent in the donor, demographic area of that region, specifically targeting high School children in countries developing a volunteer donor base.

Kowsalya V, et al. Pak J Biol Sci. (2013) conducted the study on knowledge, attitude and practice regarding voluntary Blood Donation among medical students in Pondicherry, India. In this study, a validated and pre-tested questionnaire or knowledge, attitude and practice on Blood Donation were assessed among 371 medical students from Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute Pondicherry, India. Result showed that knowledge on Blood Donation among respondents was 44.8% (1^st year 36.7%, 2^nd year 42.8% and 3^rd year 54.9%). About 62.6% of non-donors (1^st year 51%, 2^nd year 61% and 3^rd year 77%) showed positive attitude by expressing their willingness to donate blood while 22.8% of the non-donors had negative attitude (1^st year 33%, 2^nd year 23% and 3^rd year 13%). The present study reveals that knowledge, attitude and practice on Blood Donation, which suggest that positive attitude and practice can be improved by inculcating knowledge among college students.

SrzentiÄ SJ, et al. Vojnosanit Pregl. (2015) has conducted a study on the development of the program of voluntary Blood Donation promotion in students population of the University of Belgrade. The aim of this study was to present activities performed from 2001 at the Blood Donors' Motivation Department (DMD) of the BTIS related with increasing the level of awareness on voluntary Blood Donation in the Belgrade students' population, enhancing their motivation to become voluntary blood donors (VBDs), increasing the number of Blood Donations at faculties of the UB, and increasing the number of Blood Donations in the UB students population compared with the total number of blood units collected by BTIS in Belgrade, with the emphasis on the year 2013.

QuAniart A. Transfusion (2013) has conducted study on Blood Donation within the family: the transmission of values and practices. The result point to two kinds of families: in the first type, Blood Donation has been an integral “part of life” for generations and a process of transmission can be observed- a set of practices that encompasses imitation or modelling. In the 2^nd type of family, the act of donating blood was perceived and defined as an individual one, in the sense of personal and sometimes even as a private gesture: a majority of young donors started giving at their colleges blood drives without discussing it with their families.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

The objectives of the study were to

· To assess the pre-test level of knowledge regarding Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School.

· To assess the post-test level of knowledge regarding Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School.

· To compare the mean difference between pre-test and post-test level of knowledge regarding Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School.

· To find out the association between the demographic variables with knowledge about Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School.

HYPOTHESIS:

H1: The post-test of knowledge regarding Blood Donation among GNM 1st year students of selected college higher than the pre-test level of knowledge.

H2: There will be a significant difference in the post-test level of knowledge.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

RESEARCH APPROACH: The research approach used for this study is quantitative approach.

RESEARCH DESIGN: Pre-experimental research design is used for study.

SETTING OF STUDY: The study was conducted in AMT School, Bakshi Nagar, Jammu.

POPULATION: It includes students of AMT School, Bakshi Nagar, Jammu.

TARGET POPULATION: The target population was GNM 1st year students of AMT School, Bakshi Nagar who met the inclusion criteria.

ACCESSIBLE POPULATION: The accessible population was all the GNM students, who were present during the period of data collection at AMT School, Bakshi Nagar, Jammu.

SAMPLE: All students in 1^st Year GNM of AMT School, Bakshi Nagar who meets the inclusion criteria and finally included in study.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: In this study purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample.

SAMPLE SIZE: The sample includes approximately 50 students.

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

· GNM 1st year students of AMT School, Bakshi Nagar, Jammu.

· GNM 1^st year students of AMT School, Bakshi Nagar, Jammu. Students present on the of data collection.

· GNM 1^st year students of AMT School, Bakshi Nagar, Jammu. Students who are willing to participate in the study.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

· The students who are from other courses.

· The students who are not available during the time of data collection.

Description of the tool:

The structured instrument has two parts:

PART I

It consists of 6 questions about demographic profile such as age, gender, religion, marital status, residence area and previous knowledge about Blood Donation.

PART II

A well-structured questionnaire which consist of 20 multiple choice questions regarding knowledge on Blood Donation.

SCORING PROCEDURE:

PART II

The correct response to each question in Part II about Blood Donation were given a numerical score. The knowledge will be measured in terms of knowledge score. The questions will be of multiple-choice formats. Each multiple-choice question will carry ‘1’ mark for the correct response and ‘zero’ mark for the wrong response. The total score that can be attained will be ‘20’.

The knowledge score is classified into:

0-50% Inadequate knowledge

51-75% Moderate knowledge

76-100% Adequate knowledge

VALIDITY OF TOOL:

The content validity of the tool is obtained from 8 M. Sc nursing experts. The experts were requested to check the relevance, sequence and adequacy of the questionnaire. Based on their valid suggestions, few questions were modified and the final tool is prepared as per the suggestion given by the experts. The tool is drafted in English.

RELIABILITY OF TOOL:

Reliability was established through test retest method. The tool was administered to 15 nursing students (30% of the sample population). After the gap of 1 week, the retest was done. The Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was computed and the reliability was found to be 0.27. The tool was found to be positively reliable.

PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME:

A planned teaching programme will be developed after reviewing a wide range of literature and consist of information on Blood Donation. The content in the planned teaching programme includes definition, overview of blood, eligibility, health benefits, indications, methods, process, storage, replacing, contraindications, complications and Blood Donation projects. The planned teaching programme was prepared with appropriate PPT slides, videos and chart. The average time taken for teaching was around 45 minutes.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE:

Data collection is the gathering information needed to address the research problem. The data will be collected in one week of allotted month; prior permission from the concern authority will be forwarded. The study sample will be selected by purposive sampling method based on sample selection criteria, 50 1^st year GNM students will be selected for the study. The objectives and purpose of the study will be explained and concern will be obtained from the samples.

Data will be collected among GNM 1^st year students for a period of one-week, initial rapport will be established with the sample. A pre-test will be done on the first day of rapport among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School. One week after the pre-test, a planned video assisted teaching programme will be administered. After that post-test will be taken to the same group with same

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS:

The data will be analysed in terms of the objectives of the study using inferential statistics. The plan for data analysis is as follows:

· Organize the data in a master data sheet

· Frequency and percentage of distribution will be used to analyze the demographic variables. The frequency and percentage distribution will be used to assess the effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Programme on the level of knowledge regarding Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students.

· Mean, mean difference, standard deviation, t test and chi square will be used to assess the association and level of knowledge.

PILOT STUDY:

The pilot study was conducted during the month of November at Bee Enn College of Nursing, Chakbhalwal among 15 students to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme and to find out the feasibility of conducting the main study. The structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The time taken to complete tool was found to be satisfactory in terms of simplicity and clarity. The administration of the tool and intervention through video assisted teaching programme were implemented. The feasibility with regards to the availability of the sample and cooperation of respondents, accessibility of setting and financial requirement was established. Pilot study helped the investigator to confirm the feasibility of carrying out the main study.

PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS:

Research proposal as approved by the dissertation committee prior to the pilot study and the main study permission was sought from the Principal of AMT School. A formal consent was obtained from the respondents of the study (GNM 1^st year students) before administering the questionnaire.

Table 1: Distribution of Gnm 1^st Year Students of AMT School Based on their Demographic Variables such as Age, Gender and Religion N=50

S. No.

Demographic variable

Number

Percentage (%)

Age (in years)

a. 15-17

b. 18-20

c. Above 20

Gender

a. Male

b. Female

100

Religion

a. Hindu

b. Muslim

c. Sikh

d. Christians

e. Others

Marital Status

a. Married

b. Unmarried

c. Others (specify)

Residence

a. Urban

b. Rural

Previous Knowledge

a. Yes

b. No

100

Table 2: Pre and Post-Test Level of Knowledge Regarding Blood Donation Among GNM Students of AMT School

GROUP

MEAN

‘t’ Test Value

Pre-test

Post-test

9.72

17.64

2.11

1.77

24.75

*Significant at 0.05 level

Table 3.a: Association Between Demographic Variables with Post-Test Knowledge Among Gnm 1^st Year Students of Amt School such as Age, Gender and Religion N=50

S. no.

Demographic variables

Moderately adequate

Inad equate

Κ²

Age (in years)

· 15-17yrs

· 18-20yrs

· Above 20yrs

#0.019

Gender

· Male

· Female

Religion

· Hindu

· Muslim

· Sikh

· Christians

· Others

#6.794

Marital Status

· Married

· Unmarried

· Others (specify)

#1.0645

Residence Area

· Urban

· Rural

#0.1307

Previous Knowledge

· Yes

· No

#Non-significant

DISCUSSION:

The first objective of the study was to assess the pre-test level of knowledge among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School:

The second objective of the study was to assess the post-test level of knowledge among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School:

The post-test level of knowledge revealed 42(84%) had adequate knowledge and 8(16%) had moderate knowledge. The calculated mean and Standard Deviation of post-test was 17.64 and 1.77 respectively. It was observed that video assisted teaching programme played a vital role in improving the level of knowledge among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School. Hence, the hypothesis H₁and H₂was accepted.

The third objective of this study was to compare the mean difference of pre-test and post-test level of knowledge about Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School:

The table 2 and figure 7 in chapter IV of this study reveals that the obtained level of knowledge, pre-test mean score was 9.72 with a standard deviation of 2.11; post-test mean score was 17.64 with a standard deviation of 1.77 and the mean difference of pre-test and post-test was 7.92. It’s inferred that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test level of knowledge about Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School.

The fourth objective of this study was to find out the association between the demographic variables with knowledge about Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School:

The table 3.a and 3.b of this study reveals that the association between demographic variables with knowledge about Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School has been found out. Regarding age, the ϰ² was 0.019 (p<0.05); gender, the ϰ² was 0 (p<0.05); religion, the ϰ² was 6.794 (p<0.05); marital status, theϰ² was 1.0645 (p<0.05); residence, the ϰ² was 0.1307(p<0.05) and previous knowledge, the ϰ² was 0 (p<0.05) which has no Significance.

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY FINDINGS:

Regarding existing knowledge on Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School were found to be like this:

The pre-test level of knowledge revealed 27 (54%) had inadequate knowledge and 23 (46%) had moderate knowledge. The calculated Mean and Standard Deviation of pre-test was 9.72 and 2.11 respectively. It may be due to lack of education, unawareness, lack of exposure and lack of practice regarding Blood Donation.

Regarding the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on Blood Donation, 42 (84%) had adequate knowledge and 8 (16%) had moderate knowledge. The calculated mean and Standard Deviationof post-test was 17.64 and 1.77 respectively. The mean difference of pre-testand post-test level of knowledge was 7.92. The result shows that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test level of knowledge. It was observed that the video assisted teaching programme played a vital role in improving the knowledge regarding blood donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School.

CONCLUSION:

The main study concludes that the existing that the existing level of knowledge regarding Blood Donation among GNM 1^st year students of AMT School was found to be majority wise inadequate. So the investigator prepared a planned video assisted teaching programme effectively with AV Aids like Chart, videos and ppt. The teaching played a fundamental role in bringing changes in knowledge and improving practice standards regarding Blood Donation.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

· A similar study can be undertaken by utilizing other domain like practice.

· A similar study can be conducted with large number of samples which might lead to generalization.

· A similar study can be conductive as a comparative study between GNM students and B.Sc. nursing students.

· A similar study can be conducted with the same setting selection in both pilot and main study so that the tool’s reliability comes up with more efficient.

· A similar study can be conducted in future with different AV aids like flex, pamphlets, poster, skits etc.

· Blood donation can also be concluded in the curriculum.

· A similar study can be conducted at clinical side with the objective to assess safe practice of blood donation and transfusion procedures.

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Received on 06.01.2020 Modified on 02.02.2020

Int. J. of Advances in Nur. Management. 2020; 8(2):127-132.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2652.2020.00030.X