Stem Cell Therapy

 

S. Tamil Selvi.

Principal, Dr. M. B. Sharma, Nursing College, Ayush Parisar, Sailana Road, Ratlam

 

ABSTRACT:

Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.  The stem cells collected from various sources from human body such as Bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood from newborn baby also in use. Any disease in which there is tissue degeneration can be a potential candidate for stem cell therapies  Such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Spinal cord injury, Heart disease, Severe burns, Diabetes. Tissue Repair Involves in Regenerate spinal cord, heart tissue or any other major tissue in the body. Adult bone marrow stem cells injected into the hearts are believed to improve cardiac function in victims of heart failure or heart attack. Leukemia patients treated with stem cells emerge free of disease. Stem cells have also reduces pancreatic cancers in some patients. In Rheumatoid Arthritis Client also Adult Stem Cells may be helpful in starting repair of eroded cartilage. Type I Diabetes client also treated with Embryonic Stems Cells injected to become pancreatic   islets cells needed to secrete Insulin .

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.

 

DEFINITION

Stem cell therapy is introduction of new adult stem cells into damaged tissue in order to treat disease or injury. The ability of stem cells to self-renew and give rise to different cells, that can potentially replace diseased and damaged areas in the body, with minimal risk of rejection and side effects.

 

SOURCES OF STEM CELLS:

Adult Stem cells:

·        Bone Marrow Stem Cells

·        Peripheral Blood Stem Cells

·        Neuronal Stem Cells (From Olfactory Bulb, Spinal Cord)

·        Muscle Stem Cells

·        Liver Stem Cells

·        Pancreatic Stem Cells

·        Renal Stem Cells

·        Corneal Limbal Stem Cells

·        Dental Pulp

 

There are 2 main sources of ADULT stem cells

·      Bone marrow stem cells (from you or someone else)

·      Peripheral blood stem cells(from you or someone else)

 

BONE MARROW STEM CELLS:

Bone marrow has a rich supply of stem cells. The bones of the pelvis (hip) contain the most marrow and have large numbers of stem cells in them. For this reason, cells from the pelvic bone are used most often for a bone marrow transplant. When the bone marrow is removed (harvested), the donor gets general anesthesia.

 

The harvested marrow is filtered, stored in a special solution in bags, and then frozen. When the marrow is to be used, it’s given into the vein just like a blood transfusion. The stem cells travel to the recipient’s bone marrow. Over time, they engraft or “take” and begin to make blood cells. Signs of the new blood usually can be measured in the patient’s blood tests in about 2 to 4 weeks. bone marrow stem cells a good source of CD34+ stem cells (but a poor source of mesenchymal stem cells) bone marrow-derived stem cells provide support for tissue regeneration via revascularization properties and their ability to support mesenchymal stem cells in the body.

 

PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELLS

The peripheral blood stem cell transplant, the stem cells are taken from blood. A special thin flexible tube (called a catheter) is put into a large vein in the donor and attached to tubing that carries the blood to a special machine. The machine separates the stem cells from the rest of the blood, which is given back to the donor during the same procedure. This takes several hours, and may need to be repeated for a few days to get enough stem cells. The stem cells are filtered, stored in bags, and frozen until the patient is ready for them. The stem cells are infused into the vein, much like a blood transfusion. The stem cells travel to the bone marrow, engraft, and then start making new, normal blood cells. The new cells are usually found in the patient’s blood a few days sooner.

 

UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD STEM CELLS ( NEWBORN):

Umbilical cord blood may be a source of stem cells. A large number of stem cells are normally found in the blood of newborn babies. After birth, the blood that is left behind in the placenta and umbilical cord (known as cord blood) can be taken and stored for later use in a stem cell transplant. The cord blood is frozen until needed. A cord blood transplant uses blood that normally is thrown out after a baby is born.

 

AMNIOTIC STEM CELLS

Multipotent stem cells are found in amniotic fluid, Amniotic stem cells can differentiate in cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, myogenic, Endothelial, Hepatic And Also Neuronal Lines.

 

FETAL STEM CELLS:

The Stem Cells Derived From Aborted Fetal Tissue, Their Ability To Renew Themselves Is Limited  and It Is More Difficult To Produce Normal Tissues From These Cells.

 

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs):

We are working with stem cells from the patient's own body. These are called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or adult stem cells.

 

We use MSCs harvested from the patients tummy fat tissue, called Adipose derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AdMSCs). the richest source of mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs, adipose-derived cells are ideally suited for treating systemic autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. They also play a significant role in regenerating injured tissue. Adipose tissue also contains T-regulatory cells which modulate the immune system.

 

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS:

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre implantation embryo. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. Isolating the embryoblast or inner cell mass (ICM) results in destruction of the blastocyst, which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage should be considered to have the same moral status as more developed human beings.

 

 

WHAT CAN BE TREATED WITH STEM CELLS?

Medical uses:

 

Orthopedic conditions

o  Neurological conditions.

o  Brain  and spinal cord injury

o  Autism

o  Diabetes mellitus

o  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

o  Heart

o  Baldness  of head

o  Missing teeth

o  Deafness

o  Blindness and vision impairment

o  Wound healing

o  Infertility

o  HIV / AIDS

o  Anti aging therapy

o  Cancer

 

ORTHOPEDIC CONDITIONS:

·      Osteoarthritis

·      Rheumatoid Arthritis

·      Cartilage Repair

·      Muscle Repair,

·      Tendon Repair

·      Bone Repair

·      Joint Repair

 

NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

·      Stroke

·      Alzheimer's Disease/Dementia

·      Autism

·      Brain Injury  and Hypoxia

·      Multiple Sclerosis 

·      Parkinson's Disease

·      Cerebral Palsy

·      Brain  and Spinal Cord Injury

·      Motor Neurone Disease

·      Diabetic Neuropathy

 

ANTI AGING THERAPY:

•     Stem cells possess a unique anti – aging effect by regenerating and repairing organs damaged by stress and various toxins we are exposed to in our daily life and improving immune function.

•     Stem Cells Treatments and procedures to rejuvenate your face, body, organs and increase the feeling of well being

 

STEM CELL TREATMENTS RESULTS:

•     General younger appearance

•     Reduced age spots

•     Fewer wrinkles

•     Less neck and back pain

 

STEM CELL ETHICS:

·      Encourage development of sound research and therapy.

·      Prevent any misuse of human embryos and fetuses.

·      Protect patients from fraudulent treatments in the name of stem cell research

 

CONCLUSIONS:

Stem cells show great promise for regenerative medicine, There is enormous potential in human stem cell research Both adult and embryonic stem cells should be studied.

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The Authors Are Grateful to the authorities of Dr. M. B. Sharma Nursing College, Ratlam, M. P.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The Author Declare No Conflict of Interest

 

REFERENCES:

1.     Dr. Ashutosh Tiwari (2014) Sources of Stem Cells, (INTERNET) Available From DOI No:O<https://www.slideshare.net/ drashutoshtiwari/ stem cell-therapy-36963348>,

2.     Burke J, Hunter M, Kolhe R, Isales C, Hamrick M, Fulzele S. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell based therapy for osteoarthritis. Clin Transl Med. 2016;5(1):27.

3.     Chahla J, Dean CS, Moatshe G, Pascual-garrido C, Serra cruz R, Laprade RF. Concentrated Bone Marrow Aspirate for the Treatment of Chondral

4.     Injuries and Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Systematic Review of Outcomes. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(1):2325967115625481.

5.     NeilRiordan(2017), sources of stem cells (Internet) Available From https://www.cellmedicine.com/sources-of-adult-stem-cells/

6.     From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Medical Uses of Stem Cells (Internet) Available From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell therapy

 

 

 

Received on 11.08.2017          Modified on 11.09.2017

Accepted on 17.11.2017          © A&V Publications all right reserved